The cultures of the early Indian peoples were affected by the environment in which they lived.  Explain how changes in the weather and climate of their environments affected these early peoples. (Answer in complete sentences.)    The people depended on animals during the Ice Age for food and clothing.  The uncovering of Beringia allowed people to migrate across Asia to present-day Alaska .  The glaciers in present-day Canada melted and allowed people to migrate farther into the Americas .  As the climate became drier and warmer and Ice Age animals began to disappear, early peoples found new ways to survive.

The development of agriculture resulted in many changes in the ways of life of early civilizations.  Describe at least three changes in how people lived or how they made their living after agriculture (farming) was developed. (Answer in complete sentences.)    Crops were developed.  People stopped moving from place to place.  Villages became permanent.  Populations grew.  Jobs became specialized.

Archaeologists disagree as to when early people first arrived in the Americas .  Give one argument that supports the Early Arrival Theory and one argument that supports the Late Arrival Theory. (Answer in complete sentences.)
Early Arrival Theory :  Artifacts have been found that are more than 12,000 years old.  Beringia was uncovered from 45,000 to 75,000 years ago.  Cultural differences probably took longer than 12,000 years to develop.                                                                                                                     Late Arrival Theory:  Artifacts may have been caused by nature and not by humans.  Beringia was uncovered 12,000 years ago.  There is not enough evidence to support the Early Arrival Theory.

Give the vocabulary word for a kind of sandy clay that can be dried into bricks and used for building.     Adobe

Give the vocabulary word for people who wander from place to place and have no settled home.     Nomads

Give the vocabulary word for scientists who study the cultures of people who lived long ago.     Archaeologists

Give the vocabulary word for when people developed this by beginning to plant and grow their own food.     Agriculture

Give the vocabulary word for a special underground room used by the Anasazi for their religious services.     Kiva

Give the vocabulary word for a small group of people who work together to do things, such as hunting.     Band

Give the vocabulary word for a tool that was used to throw a spear.     Atlatl

Give the vocabulary word for what takes place when people of different cultures begin to exchange ideas and goods.     Cultural diffusion

Why did the oceans become shallower during the last Ice Age?     The oceans became shallower during the last Ice Age because much of the water was locked up in glaciers.

How do Indian peoples tell of their beliefs about the world and their place in it?     Indian peoples tell of their beliefs about the world and their place in it though their origin stories.

Why is the Olmec culture known as the “mother civilization” of the Americas ?     It is known as the “mother civilization” of the Americas because the Olmec culture influenced the cultures of so many later groups.

Who were the people that built the pueblos?     The people who built the pueblos were the Anasazi.

What are the two pieces of land that were once connected by the land bridge known as Beringia?     The two pieces of land that were once connected by the land bridge known as Beringia are Asia and North America.

People were able to keep a regular surplus of food after the development of what?     People were able to keep a regular surplus of food after the development of  agriculture.
 
 

You will also read a time line to answer questions about this time in history.
 
 

Many of the early cultures and civilizations borrowed ideas or products of earlier peoples and made them better.  The Mayas borrowed from the Olmecs, and the Navajos borrowed form the Hopis.  Tell what ideas or products were borrowed by the Mayas and the Navajos from earlier peoples. (Answer in complete sentences.)    The Mayas borrowed these ideas and products from earlier peoples:  stone buildings, large cities, social classes, and pyramids.  The Navajos borrowed these ideas and products from earlier peoples:  baskets, pottery, weaving looms, tools, and crops.

Give the name of the Indian home and the Indian group (studied in this chapter) that built a cone-shaped house made of poles and was covered  with buffalo skins.       Tepee (Kiowas)

Give the name of the Indian home and the Indian group (studied in this chapter) that built an adobe building with rooms on top of and next to one another; it was home for many families.     Pueblo (Hopi)

Give the name of the Indian home and the Indian group (studied in this chapter) that built a house built partly over a hole dug in the ground.      Pit house (Chinook)

Give the name of the Indian home and the Indian group (studied in this chapter) that built a house made of elm bark with large doors at each end; it was home for several families.      Longhouse (Iroquois)

Give the name of the Indian home and the Indian group (studied in this chapter) that built a cone-shaped house made of a log frame covered by mud or grass.      Hogan (Navajo)

Choose one sentence that is a statement of a cause and two sentences that are statements of effects:

(A) Plains  Indians made tepees that could be put up and taken down easily when the Indians hunted.
(B) Plains Indians hunted buffalo by following the buffalo herds.  (C) Plains Indians needed a source of food.

(A) Effect; (B) Effect; (C) Cause.
Choose one sentence that is a statement of a cause and two sentences that are statements of effects:
(A) The Aztecs needed more land for farming.  (B) The Aztecs built small islands in Lake Texcoco.
(C) The Aztecs built canals and paved roads to connect the islands in Lake Texcoco to the shore.

(A) Cause; (B) Effect; (C) Effect.
Choose one sentence that is a statement of a cause and two sentences that are statements of effects:
(A) Northwest Coast Indians got most of their food from the sea.  (B) Northwest Coast Indians lived along the Pacific Ocean.  (C) Northwest Coast Indians learned how to build canoes.     (A) Effect; (B) Cause; (C)Effect.

Choose one sentence that is a statement of a cause and two sentences that are statements of effects:  (A)The Hopis used water from underground to water their crops.  (B)The Hopis filled a part of their home with jars of corn and flour.  (C)The Hopis lived in an arid climate.     (A) Effect; (B) Effect; (C) Cause.

Give the vocabulary word for the carved post that shows the history of a family.     Totem pole

Give the vocabulary word for the animal that the Plains Indians hunted for food and made clothes, tools, and weapons from it.     Buffalo

Give the vocabulary word for holding people against their will and making them carry out orders.  Slavery

Give the vocabulary word for to exchange goods with other people.     Barter

Give the vocabulary word for the guardian spirits of the Hopis.     Kachinas

Give the vocabulary word for a loose group of governments.     A Confederation

Give the vocabulary word for a city that has its own ruler and government.     City-state

Give the vocabulary word for a group of families that are related to one another.     Clan

Why did the Chinooks develop a special language?     The Chinooks developed a special language because they needed a language to make trade easier.

What did the Makahs use parts of whales for?     The Makahs used parts of the whales for food, to make ropes and bags, and to make oil to burn as fuel.

Did the Makahs use parts of the whales for making totem poles?     No, the Makahs did not use parts of the whales for making totem poles.

Why did Pueblo families need to store surplus food?    Pueblo families needed to store surplus food  so they could eat when there was a drought.

How did the Iroquois stop the fighting among neighboring tribes?     The Iroquois stopped the fighting among neighboring tribes by forming a confederation.

Which two groups of Indian peoples got most of their food from the rivers and oceans close to their homes?     The two groups of Indian peoples who got most of their food from the rivers and oceans close to their homes were the Chinooks and the Makahs.

Name the Indian people who adopted ideas from the Mayas and went on to build a large empire.     The Indian people who adopted ideas from the Mayas and went on to build a large empire were the Aztecs.
 
 

A German mapmaker who lived in Nuremberg, Germany made the first globe ever made in Europe.  It was an amazing creation, it had many things wrong with it.  Explain what was wrong with the globe.  (Answer in complete sentences.)    The globe showed the Earth much smaller than it really is, which made it seem that sailing west from Europe to Asia would be easy.  Also, the globe did not include the Americas, Australia, or Antarctica.  In addition, it showed Africa too small and in the wrong shape.

By the time the trade routes between Europe and Asia had been closed off, many changes had taken place in Europe.  Give three changes in technology and one change in government that helped set the stage for European exploration.       Technology:  People learned how to build faster ships.  They made a new kind of sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind.  They, also, built a better compass.  Government:  Lands once ruled by warring nobles had become countries ruled by strong monarchs.

The story of European exploration follows a sequence of events.  Put these events in their correct order by labeling them First, Second, Third, and so on, with First being the earliest event and Sixth being the latest event:

  __________ Christopher Columbus receives support from Spain to sail to Asia.

  __________ The first European school for training sailors in navigation is set up.

  __________ The trade routes between Europe and Asia are closed off.

  __________ One of Ferdinand Magellan’s ships sails around the world.

  __________ Amerigo Vespucci concludes that Columbus did not reach Asia.

  __________ Vasco Nunez de Balboa proves that Vespucci was right and that Columbus was wrong.

First        The trade routes between Europe and Asia are closed off.

Second     The first European school for training sailors in navigation is set up.

Third       Christopher Columbus receives support from Spain to sail to Asia.

Fourth      Amerigo Vespucci concludes that Columbus did not reach Asia.

Fifth         Vasco Nunez de Balboa proves that Vespucci was right and that Columbus was wrong.

Sixth        One of Ferdinand Magellan’s ships sails around the world.

Give the name for the Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa.  Bartholomeu Dias

Give the name for the local name for the island on which Columbus first landed.  Guanahani

Give the name for the Italian explorer who figured out that Columbus had not reached Asia.  Amerigo Vespucci

Give the name for the European who proved it was possible to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe.  Ferdinand Magellan

Give the name for the first European people known to have visited the Americas.  Vikings

Give the name for the first European settlement in the Americas.  Vinland

Give the name for the European whose descriptions of the riches of China made traders want to go to Asia.  Marco Polo

Give the name for the Portuguese leader who started a school for navigators. Prince Henry

Give the name for the Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to Asia by sailing around Africa.  Vasco da Gama

Give the name for an Italian explorer who landed in present-day Newfoundland but told people he had found Cathay.  Giovanni Caboto

Give the name for the body of water reached by Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa.  Pacific Ocean

Give the name for the leader of the first Europeans to visit the Americas. Leif Eriksson

Give the name for the first European to make a globe.  Martin Behaim

Give the name for the city captured by the Turks, closing off trade routes between Europe and Asia.  Constantinople

Question:  “How could early explorers be sure that the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean were two different bodies of water?”  Statements:  (1492) Christopher Columbus tells the world he has found a new water route to Asia by sailing west from Europe.  (1497) Giovanni Caboto announces he has sailed west from Europe to China.  (1513) Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses the Isthmus of Panama.  (1520) Ferdinand Magellan sails his ship around the southern tip of South America.  Conclusion:  Use the information in the statements to write a conclusion that will answer the question (given just before the statements).  Tell how you reached the conclusion.  Give the years/dates for the statements that support the conclusion.    The Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean are two different bodies of water.  The two later voyages proved that there was another ocean between the newly found continent(s) and Asia.  Statements from 1513 and 1520 support this conclusion.
 
 

There was both cooperation and conflict between the colonists and the Native Americans.  You will write one paragraph discussing ways in which colonists and Indians cooperated and one paragraph discussing ways in which they were in conflict.

The colonists and the Indians cooperated in many ways.  For example, Indians were trading partners with the French and the Dutch in the fur trade.  Chief Powhatan made peace with the Jamestown colonists, and his daughter married one of the colonists.  Samoset welcomed the Pilgrims, and Tisquantum became the Pilgrims’ interpreter and taught them what crops to plant.

There were also many conflicts between the Indians and the colonists.  The Aztecs and Incas were both conquered by the Spanish.  Native peoples killed a number of European explorers.  The colonists building New Spain enslaved Indian peoples and forced them to work.      There was much fighting between the Wampanoags and English colonists that arrived in Massachusetts after the Pilgrims.

Europeans had many reasons for setting up colonies in the Americas.  Name the goal for each of these   groups:  French government, Virginia Company, the Pilgrims.

French government -  to gain wealth and power like the Spanish

Virginia Company - to make a profit for the company

Pilgrims - to find religious freedom

The colonies founded by Europeans in the Americas produced great wealth.  List where European countries (Spain, Holland, France, and England) had colonies and the source of profit for each country.

COUNTRY          AREA                                                 SOURCE OF WEALTH

Spain               Middle and South America                          gold, silver, crops

Holland            Along the Hudson River, New Amsterdam          furs, trade

France             Canada, New France                                   furs, trade

England            Eastern coast of North America                     tobacco

Who was the Spanish explorer who heard stories about the Seven Cities of Gold and set out to find       them?  Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

What is the vocabulary word for the people who came to the Americas to convert native peoples to       Christianity?  Missionaries

Who was the Spanish explorer who looked for the fountain of youth and named present-day Florida?    Juan Ponce de Leon

Who was the explorer in this chapter who looked for the Northwest Passage?  Jacques Cartier

Which group of people died from hunger, overwork, and diseases after being enslaved by the Spanish?  Indian peoples

Who was the leader of the Spanish conquistadors who conquered the Aztecs?  Hernando Cortes

Who was the explorer who found Quebec and Montreal?  Samuel de Champlain

Who was the explorer who claimed for Spain all of what is today the Southeastern United States?  Hernando de Soto

Who was the European who founded a colony at Roanoke Island that soon disappeared?  Sir Walter Raleigh

Who was the Spanish conquistador who ordered his soldiers to kill the Inca emperor?  Francisco Pizarro

Name the Indian who taught the Pilgrims how to fish and plant crops that would do well?  Tisquantum

Name who was the Aztec leader when the Europeans came to Mexico.  Motecuhzoma

Name the leader of the Incas killed by the Spanish.  Atahuallpa

Spain, France, and England all built colonial empires in North America.  These six items relate to those empires:  El Camino Real, charter, James Oglethorpe, John Law, portage, and St. Augustine.  Group each item with its country (Spain, France, or England) and give a short description of each item.

SPAIN

El Camino Real-“the Royal Road” linked missions and presidios in the borderlands

St. Augustine-oldest permanent European settlement in the United States

FRANCE

John Law-leader of Louisiana when it was a proprietary colony

portage- carrying canoes or boats around rapids or waterfalls

ENGLAND

James Oglethorpe-started the colony of Georgia

charter-official approval to take a certain action

There were no plantations in Georgia before 1750.  Explain why this was so, and explain why this changed.  Georgia’s original charter did not allow traders to bring slaves to the colony.  Because  of this, Georgia had no plantations at first.  After the law was changed in 1750 to allow slavery, the Georgia colonists set up plantations.

Why did the Spanish government create the Spanish borderlands north of New Spain?  The Spanish government created the Spanish borderlands to protect its gold and silver mines.

Why did the Spanish build presidios?  The Spanish built presidios to protect settlers.

What is the oldest permanent European settlement in the United States?  St. Augustine

How did Spanish settlements in the borderlands change the lives of the Indians living there?  The Indians living there had to give up their religious traditions.

Why did King Louis XIV make New France a royal colony?  King Louis XIV wanted to rebuild his hold in North America after the fur trade was nearly destroyed.

What did Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet hope the river would help them find when they went looking for the Mississippi River?  They hoped to find a route to Asia.

Who claimed the area known as Louisiana for the French?  The area of Louisiana was claimed by Sieur de La Salle for the French.

To whom does the ownership of a proprietary colony belong?  The ownership of a proprietary colony belongs to one person.

Why was the Jamestown colony founded by the Virginia Company of London?  Jamestown colony was to be a trading post to make a profit for the Virginia Company.

What was the most important cash crop in Virginia and Maryland?  Tobacco was the most important cash crop in Virginia and Maryland.

Why was the Massachusetts colony founded by the Puritans?  The Puritans founded their colony in Massachusetts to practice their religion.

What were the Fundamental Orders which were adopted by the Connecticut colony?  The Fundamental Orders were the first written system of government in North America.

For what group did William Penn establish Pennsylvania as a refuge?  William Penn established Pennsylvania as a refuge for the Quakers.

You will read and gather information from a chart that shows information on colonies.
 
 

How did young people who lived in cities learn to do jobs that required special skills?  Young people who lived in cities learned to do jobs that required special skills by becoming apprentices.

What were often the two uses of meetinghouses in most New England towns?  In most New England towns, the two uses of meetinghouses were as a house of worship and as a place of government.

What were the purposes of town meetings? Town meetings were held to make decisions about laws and town workers.

How did market towns help farmers who lived near them?  Farmers who lived near market towns could trade their crops for goods and services there.

Which of these economic activities contributed to the growth of cities along the Atlantic coast:  whaling, dairy farming, growing tobacco, or growing indigo?  Whaling was an economic activity that contributed to the growth of cities along the Atlantic coast.

What three areas were linked by the Triangular Trade route?  The Triangular Trade route linked Britain, the British colonies, and Africa.

The running of a plantation required the participation of all the people living there.  Explain about the jobs of the planter and the planter’s wife.  The planter had to see that the crops were planted, harvested, stored, and shipped to market.  He also had to keep careful records of the business.  The planter’s wife had to clothe and feed her family.  She also had to make sure that everyone living on the plantation had food, clothing, and medical care.

Exports and imports were an important part of the economies of the British colonies.  List at least 5 exports and 5 imports of the British colonies.  Exports:  Dried fish, furs, indigo, rice, tobacco, and lumber; Imports:  Books, clothing, lace, machinery, shoes, thread, and tools.

What was the land between the Coastal Plain and the Appalachian Mountains known as?  Was it “prairie,” “fall line,” “backcountry,” or “heartland?”  The land between the Coastal Plain and the Appalachian Mountains known the backcountry.

Tell about the travel on the Great Wagon Road.  Was it “the only way to get wagons to the ocean,” “important to the settlement of the backcountry,” “one of the many roads that led to the backcountry,” or “very easy?”  Travel on the Great Wagon Road was important to the settlement of the backcountry.

In southern colonies, who owned most of the land:  small farmers, church officials, planters, or brokers?  Most of the land in southern colonies was owned by planters.

Where were early southern plantations usually built:  in cities, along waterways, near mountains, or along major roads?  Early southern plantations were usually built along waterways.

What did southern plantation owners use instead of money:    gold, fish, crops, or furs?  Southern plantation owners used crops instead of money.

On large plantations, wealthy planters were able to do the work required with the help of which people:  enslaved Native Americans, enslaved Africans, British brokers, or the local militia?  On large plantations, wealthy planters were able to do the work required with the help of enslaved Africans.

Give the best description of the education received by the daughters of southern planters.  Daughters of southern planters learned to read and sew.

Which best describes the situation of indentured servants: “They always went willingly to the colonies,” “They had to work for a set period of time without pay,” “They agreed to work for a lifetime in trade for their children’s freedom,” or “They were in charge of trade in the cities?”  Indentured servants had to work for a set period of time without pay.

Transportation by water was very important in the British colonies.  Explain how each of these five terms are connected or related to water transportation:  raw materials, tobacco, whale products, slaves, and indentured servants.  Raw materials were shipped from the colonies to Britain.  Tobacco was transported by ship to Britain to be sold.  Whale products:  First, hunters went to sea to kill whales and then returned to ports to sell the whale products.  Slaves were transported by ship from Africa to the colonies in North America.  Indentured servants traveled to the colonies by ship.